The new form of PIV--nano-particle image velocimetry (nPIV)--based on total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF), or evanescent-wave fluorescence, to study flows in the interfacial region next to the channel wall with a spatial resolution normal to the wall of 100-300 nm. When light undergoes total internal reflection (TIR) at a refractive index interface between, for example, glass and water (where the refractive index of water is less than that of glass), a small amount of light penetrates into the water. This light, known as the "evanescent wave", has an intensity that decays exponentially with distance normal to the glass-water interface. For argon-ion laser light illumination, the "penetration depth" of this evanescent wave is 100-300 nm.
https://www.me.gatech.edu/minami.yoda/FLOIDLab/npiv/npiv.htm
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